«BacaYuk!» – a Textbook for Intermediate Indonesian • “Miangas Island”
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Mengenal Miangas, Pulau Indonesia yang Lebih Dekat ke Filipina
Bagian 1 Bagian 2
Forming the Superlative
The superlative can be formed by using paling followed by an adjective. Paling may be preceded by an optional yang.
Ini makanan yang paling enak.
Biasanya hari Minggu hari yang paling sepi.
Miangas adalah garda paling depan di utara Indonesia.
Ratna perempuan yang paling berani di jalan kami.
The superlative can also be formed by using the prefix ter- followed by an adjective:
Ini makanan yang terenak.
Biasanya hari Minggu hari yang tersepi.
Miangas adalah garda terdepan di utara Indonesia.
However, some Indonesians allow superlative ter- only with two-syllable adjectives. The following example is hence not universally accepted as correct:
Ratna perempuan yang terberani di jalan kami.
The prefix ter- is also used to form passive verbs. They are either stative, abilitative, or accidental:
Forming Stative Verbs
Stative verbs ter- verbs refer to a state of affairs. As there is no action involved there cannot be an actor. They thus contrast with di- passive verbs which refer to an action.
The verbs disediakan ‘made available (by someone)’ and dibuka ‘opened (by someone)’ refer to actions and can hence take an agent, while tersedia ‘available’ and terbuka ‘open’ refer to the state which exists following an action:
Penerbangan ke Miangas hanya disediakan satu kali seminggu.
Ketika Bu Tuti masuk ke rumah, semua jendela dibuka.
In the first example, no agent is identified as it can be assumed that it is most likely a service provided by an airline or a governmental body.
In the second example, Bu Tuti is identified as the agent in the phrase “When Mrs. Tuti entered the house”. The second phrase we translated by deliberately adding the agent “she” and we also translated it as active voice which is more common on English. Of course we also could have identified the agent in the second phrase by adding -nya (by her): Ketika Bu Tuti masuk ke rumah, semua jendela dibukanya.
No other affix can co-occur with stative ter-; any affix present with the corresponding basic verb is deleted, as with -kan in the first example above. Other examples of stative ter- are:
Surat itu tertulis dengan aksara Jawa.
Lukisan itu tergantung di dinding.
Kursi itu terbuat dari kayu.
Penjualan tiket masuk terbatas.
These examples differ from di- verbs only in so far as the latter indicate that the action was performed by an agent. In English, sentences of this kind are. usually rendered in active voice including an agent.
Surat itu ditulis dengan aksara Jawa.
Lukisan itu digantung di dinding.
Kursi itu dibuat dari kayu.
Penjualan tiket masuk dibatasi.
Note that dibatasi contains the suffix -i because it is based on membatasi (to limit something).
Forming Abilitative Verbs
All abilitative verbs are transitive and passive. Whereas the di- passive does not allow first and second voice agents, the ter- passive permits the use of first and second voice agents. Abilitative verbs show the ability of the agent to perform the action. Abilitative verbs are often negated (with tidak but also frequently with tak) indicating the inability of the agent to perform the action.
Kotak ini tidak terangkat oleh saya. Terlalu berat.
Air ini tak terminum.
Perjalanan laut dari Miangas ke Filipina terbilang lebih dekat dibandingkan ke Indonesia sendiri.
Note that abilitative ter- constructions are essentially equal to constructions with dapat di- or bisa di-:
Air ini tidak dapat diminum.
Forming Accidental Verbs
There is no example of accidental ter- in our text. Some examples of accidental ter- verbs are:
Yusup tertidur di kelas.
Saya tergelincir di jalan.
Tadi pagi saya terbangun jam empat.
In your favourite Internet browser go to https://travel.kompas.com. Open any article and search for words with the prefix ter-. You have to find 4 sentences each containing at least one ter- word with the four functions: 1. Superlative; 2. Stative; 3. Abilitative, and 4. Accidental. Translate the four sentences. Disregard tersebut.
Sampai
Sampai can be either a verb with the meaning “to arrive”, but it can also function as a preposition with the meaning “until”. Sampai also modifies cardinal numbers. In this function it means “up to”.
Ketika saya sampai di rumahnya Lili sudah bangun.
Sampai besok!
Si kecil sudah bisa hitung dari satu sampai sepuluh.
Saya membaca sampai halaman tiga puluh.
available, in stock
[q]batas
[a]border
[q] [a]to own, possess
[q] [a]inhabitant
[q]luas
[a]size
[q]persegi
[a]square
[q] [a]to continue
[q]membutuhkan
[a]to need
[q]sedangkan
[a]whereas
[q]ibu kota
[a]capital
[q]jika
[a]when, if
[q] [a]constitute, is
[q]hubungan
[a]relationship
[q]kegiatan
[a]activity
[q] [a]society, community, people
[q]warga
[a]member, citizen
[q] [a]fullfil
[q] [a]needs
[q]sehari-hari
[a]daily
[q]mengisi
[a]to fill
[q]hasil
[a]yield, result
[q]saat ini
[a]nowadays
[q]berdagang
[a]to trade
[q]barang
[a]items, goods
[q]perlengkapan
[a]supplies, equipment
[q]hadir
[a]be present
[q] [a]to push
[q]pertumbuhan
[a]growth
[q]tujuan
[a]destination
[q]bahkan
[a]even
[/qdeck]