• To introduce the terms for various common illnesses, and to review the names for parts of the body.
• To practise talking about minor illnesses.

Penyakit. The word for ‘illness’ and ‘disease’ is penyakit derived from the root word sakit.

Sakit. This multi-purpose word can be used in a variety of ways to talk about illness and pain. Putting aside some exceptions, basically sakit is used in three ways:

1. Sakit can be used to mean mean “ill” or “sick” in the general sense.

2. Sakit can be used to express the English phrase “to have (a sore/painful …)” or “to be suffering from …”, or “to be ill with …”. In this guise sakit looks like an intransitive verb followed by a noun complement, the same as, say, bermain in phrases like bermain tenis or bermain piano.

Interestingly, sakit can refer not only to one’s physical condition, but also to emotional and mental states.

3. Sakit often also renders the English “to hurt” (intransitive), or “to feel sore”.

Percakapan

A dialogue using these resources might run as follows. Listen to the dialogue several times. Then click on Transkripsi and read the transcription until you have memorised the dialogue. Then complete the exercises. If you get stuck, stumble or hesitate, check the sound file. For unknown words check your dictionary or the word list.

DengarkanTranskripsiDaftar KataL8-Isian

Pak Santosa! Apa kabar, Pak?		Baik-baik saja, Bu.
Saya dengar anak Bapak sakit. Sakit apa dia, Pak?		Tidak jelas. Dia sakit kepala dan sakit perut. Tidak mau makan, dan tidak bisa tidur. Badannya juga panas.
Aduh kasihan. Sudah dibawa ke dokter?		Sudah. Sudah dua kali.
Menurut dokter bagaimana?		Kata dokter, barangkali dia sakit perut karena minum air yang kotor.
O begitu. Lalu, apakah dia sudah diberi obat?		Sudah. Dia disuruh minum Konidex saja dan beristirahat di rumah.
Mudah-mudahan dia cepat sembuh.		Terima kasih, Bu. Yah, mudah-mudahan saja.

Daftar Kata

jelas	clear
aduh	Oh! Ouch!
kasihan	poor thing
disuruh	be told, be ordered
beristirahat	to rest
mudah-mudahan	hopefully
sembuh	recovered, recuperated

• To introduce vocabulary related to clothing
• The noun forming prefixes pe- and peN-

As the speaker (pembicara) of an (unspecified) event, Pak Bei dresses up wearing a white shirt (baju putih) with a neck tie (dasi), a formal suit jacket (jas), and the national headdress known as peci or kopiah made popular by Indonesia’s first president Sukarno. The peci is worn at formal situations such as wedding feasts, funerals or festive occasions such as the Muslim Eid ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha. As the peci is, in combination with a sarong (sarung) worn by male mosque goers, it is often associated with Islam, but in fact it is also worn by many Christians.

The plot of this cartoon is simple. Pak Bei dresses up for an event where he is the speaker. He confirms with his wife that they have nothing forgotten. They have the driver license and the registration paper for the motor bike with them, and they are wearing a helmet. These three items are prescribed by the Indonesian police. He also confirms with his wife that he is properly dressed. He wears a tie, a suit jacket, and formal shoes. But somehow he has the feeling that he has forgotten something.

While the story is simple, it tells us a lot about the deep-sitting fear of Indonesians of the possibility of losing face something Indonesians will do anything to avoid. The concept of losing face is circumscribed with the term malu, which also means ‘embarrassed’ and ‘ashamed’.

Nouns formed with the prefix peN- were already discussed in Lesson 73. They are based on verbal roots and indicate the doer of the action. They are hence similar to -er nouns in English:

In English, these -er nouns can refer either to the person who performs the action (Hemmingway is a famous writer), or to an object that is used to perform the action (a type writer).

In Indonesian, most peN- nouns refer to the person who performs the action:

Some words indicate the object that performs the action:

Most peN- nouns are based on meN- verbs and they are prenasalised in exactly the same way as meN- verbs:

1. If the word begins with the letters l, r, w, y, m, n, ng, ny no prenasalisation occurs. Very few words begin with the letter Y, and none of them has a peN- derivation

2. Initial b, f, p & v becomes pem-. Words beginning with V are rare.

3. Initial a, e, i, o, u, g, h & k becomes peng-

4. Initial c, d, j, t → becomes pen-

5. Initial s → becomes meny-

In the preceding lessons we have learned a fairly large number of verbs. The prefix pe- can be added to a small group of ber- verbs we have learned so far. These ber- verbs refer to work that is regularly performed or, in some cases, done for a living. The derived pe- nouns then indicate the person who carries out the profession:

A much larger group of ber- verbs that we have learned so far have the general meaning “to have, own [base]”. These include:

None of these ber- verbs can derive a corresponding pe- noun.

The prefix peN- can be attached to a large group of transitive meN- verbs that we have learned so far (intransitive verbs, such as masuk, meninggal, tidur, tinggal, tahu, menikah, and meletus, cannot usually derive peN- nouns).

Note that you are not expected to memorize the following items. They are for your reference only!

As we have seen above, a large number of verbs can take the prefix pe– or peN– although in some cases these words are rarely used or highly specialised such as pengucap which is almost entirely restricted to the phrase alat pengucap ‘organ of speech’, and pemanggil, which is largely limited to the phrase pemanggil arwah ‘shaman, medium’.

In Lesson 43 we have encountered dulu in the meaning ’in former times, a long time ago’. From earlier lessons, we know already that dulu also has the meaning ’first’ (before anything else), e.g.

Dulu in this sentence does not mean that I eat before someone else, but it simply means that I do it before I do anything else!

Dulu is often paired with sementara ‘while’ (at the same time) in sentences where you say: I do this, while you do something else.

Colloquial Indonesian is spiced with a large number of exclamations and particles such as wah, lho, toh, and kok. Especially lho and kok, which both express surprise, are very frequently used. As short as they are, these two words are linguistically very complex, and can have a variety of different meanings. A more “uncomplicated” word is sip ‘cool’.

Indonesian must be a pretty cool language, or Indonesians are pretty cool people. How else can it be explained that Indonesian has so many different words to express that something or someone is ‘cool’?

If someone or something is fashionably cool, it’s keren.

Someone or something is hebat because of physical excellence:

Someone or something is asyik because it creates excitement:

The fourth word that means ‘cool’ is sip. Sip is used in situations where you are in agreement. Sip is mainly used as a single utterance expressing agreement and appreciation: “okay, wow, cool, fine, great, no problem with me, I totally agree, let’s do it.”

Sip is closely related to keren and hebat:

The following is taken from news reports about Honda motorbikes equipped with airbags:

Even though both keren and hebat can be used here, and both can be translated as ‘cool’, they mean different things: In the first sentence hebat indicates that the speaker thinks that an airbag-equipped motorbike is quite a technological achievement. In the second sentence the speaker uses keren because he thinks that an airbag on a motorbike is a fashionable gadget. Don’t expect asyik here, as airbags, as cool as they may be, rarely excite people.

Agar and supaya (which you will encounter in Lesson 103) are synonyms and as such 100% interchangeable. They introduce a clause of purpose “that, so that, in order that”. Agar/supaya clauses usually have a subject:

When the subject of the agar/supaya clause is identical with the subject of the main clause, it is almost always ellipted:

To learn more about agar and supaya clauses refer to chapter 3.119-129 in Sneddon’s grammar.

When Pak Bei tells Bu Bei that he’s going to have a shower while his wife dresses up, Bu Bei replies Jangan lama-lama agar nggak telat. This sentence consists of two parts: The main clause jangan lama-lama (“not long”) and the subordinate clause agar nggak telat (“so that not late”). Auspiciously, none of the clauses contains a subject. As we have seen above, when the subject of the agar/supaya clause is identical with the subject of the main clause, it is almost always ellipted. But here, even the main clause does not contain a subject.

This is clearly no oversight, but done purposely. In Indonesia, it is very common that the subject is implied rather than explicitly mentioned. The implied subject of jangan lama-lama ‘don’t take long’ may be either “you” or “we”. By omitting the subject, the statement becomes more general and is hence less likely to be interpreted as an attempt to criticize, warn, or even offend the other. The subject is also ellipted in the subordinate agar-clause, but here we can assume that it is “we” rather than “you”. The translation of Jangan lama-lama agar nggak telat remains open. It could be interpreted as “You’d better hurry up so that you won’t be late” but it could also mean “Let’s hurry up so that we won’t be late.”

To learn more about ellipsis of subject see chapter 4.112 of Sneddon’s grammar.

• To introduce the main terms for items of clothing

There are three main ways you can ask the question “What kind of…?” in Indonesian. In the first place you can simply place apa (what) after the noun you are asking about.

You practised this use of apa in Lesson 28 (Module 2). Go back that lesson and review the material there.

You can also use the phrase seperti apa or the slightly more colloquial macam apa (what kind/sort), placing it after the noun you are asking about.

Another phrase you can use is yang bagaimana (in what way/mode/style). Like apa, seperti apa and macam apa, this phrase also appears after the noun you are asking about.

In the exercises that follow in this lesson there will be some practice with macam apa, seperti apa and yang bagaimana.

A conversation in the clothing section of a department store might go something like this.

DengarkanTranskripsiTerjemahanD. KataL2L3L4L5L6L7

Percakapan: Membeli Baju

Listen to the sound file carefully and try to memorise the dialogue as well as you can. You may also read the transkripsi (transcription) if this helps you to memorise the dialogue better. Then try to perform the dialogue without any help. If you get stuck, look at the terjemahan (translation). Look at the transcription only as a last resort. You should be able to perform the dialogue without looking at the Indonesian text at all.

When you have finished, check your understanding of the dialogue by completing the exercises in the tabs. When you encounter any difficult word, consult the vocabulary list or the translation.

Selamat pagi. Cari apa, Bu?	Saya mencari kemeja untuk suami saya. Apakah ada yang ukuran besar?
Ada. Kemeja ini bagus sekali, buatan luar negeri. Ibu mau warna apa?	Saya cari yang biru.
O maaf yang biru habis.	Itu, apa itu yang di sana?
Di mana? O… di sana. Itu blus.	Coba lihat blusnya. Ada warna apa saja?
Warnanya merah dan kuning.	Hmmm, lumayan juga blus-blus itu.
Memang. Ibu mau blus yang bagaimana?	Saya paling suka blus lengan panjang.
Dan Ibu suka warna apa?	Saya paling suka warna kuning.
Nah, ini. Blus kuning yang cocok untuk Ibu.	Memang, cocok sekali. Saya minta dua.

Good morning, madam. What are you looking for?	I’m looking for a shirt for my husband. Do you have a large one?
Yes, we do. This is a really nice shirt made overseas. What colour do you want?	I am looking for a blue one.
Sorry, we’re out of the blue ones.	What’s that? Over there.
Where? Oh, over there. Those are blouses.	Let me see. What colours are the blouses?
They are red and yellow.	Hmmm, those blouses are not bad.
You’re right. What style of blouse do you want?	I really like long sleeve blouses.
And what colour do you like?	My favourite colour is yellow.
Well, here we are. A yellow blouse that is just right for you.	You’re right, it’s really perfect. I’ll take two.

cari apa?	what are you looking for?
keméja	a shirt
ukuran	size
buatan	made (in)
luar negeri	overseas, foreign country
habis	finished, out of stock, no longer available
blus, baju blus	a blouse
coba	to try, let (me), please
lumayan	not bad
memang	indeed
cocok	right (for someone), suitable, appropriate

Look back at the transcription of the above dialogue. Taking it as your beginning point, and drawing on https://indonesian-online.com/tiw/exercises/L88/SH-088_Substitution_Table.pdf, rewrite the dialogue so that it is similar in form but completely different in content. Make some changes in the order of components, and completely change the actors, merchandise, colours and other “content” components of the dialogue.

Download Student Handout 88–02 and complete the exercise.

To complete this IndoLingo exercise, record your voice, then download it and name the file Exercise 88-03. Send it to your IndoLingo Instructor. If you are not subscribed to IndoLingo, you may do this exercise as a written homework assignment.

Task

In this exercise you will find a series of answers. Make an appropriate question to go with each answer. The question should ask “what kind of” using apa, macam apa, seperti apa or yang bagaimana. Before you start the exercise review the SH-088_Substitution_Table.pdf, specifically Number 5 and Number 6, and study the example below. Note that there are many possible correct questions that may go with each answer.

Pertanyaan: You write/say Bapak suka kemeja yang bagaimana?
Jawaban: Saya suka kemeja buatan Italia.

1. Saya mencari yang lengan panjang.
2. Saya mau ukuran sedang.
3. Saya paling suka yang kuning.
4. Saya ingin yang untuk musim dingin.
5. Saya mencari yang murah saja. Ada?
6. Hmmm, katanya batik Solo yang paling bagus. Ada batik Danarhadi?
7. Yang berwarna merah.
8. Yang seperti itu… yang di sana.
9. Wah! Saya tidak tahu! Apakah saya boleh melihat semua?
10. Saya mencari yang bisa dipakai ke pesta.

Download SH-088-laundry_list_modul.pdf and complete the exercise.

In each pair of sentences below, fill in the gap in the second sentence with the appropriate passive (di– form) of the transitive verb in the first sentence.

diantar dicuri dipakai dipanggil dipasang diperbaiki dipilih dipotong ditanam ditulis

With your teacher/tutor, or with a fellow student, describe how a simple brew of coffee is made. Basically, the technique is the same as that used in the making of tea, so you can easily adapt the narrative you learned earlier in this lesson. The important thing is to use the di– forms of verbs frequently and correctly. You will begin, perhaps, like this…

The narrative should be interrupted with questions. For example:

When you have repeated this dialogue several times and feel you can use the di– forms of verbs fluently, move on to the description of some other simple cooking exercises. For example, describe how an egg is boiled and eaten. You will probably find that the following words and phrases will be of use to you.

The structure of passive voice sentences is very similar in English and in Indonesian:

Passive voice sentences often do not contain an actor. In Kopi harus diaduk dulu sebelum diminum we don’t know who stirred and who drank the coffee. If a passive voice sentence includes an actor, it must immediatly follow the passive verb:

The actor can be preceded by optional oleh:

To complete this IndoLingo exercise, record your voice, then download it and name the file Exercise 82-02. Send it to your IndoLingo Instructor. If you are not subscribed to IndoLingo, you may do this exercise as a written homework assignment.

Task

You have learned how Indonesians make tea and coffee. What beverages are served in your country? Describe how they are made. Make ample use of sequencing words such as pertama-tama, kedua, etc. and connect your sentences using the conjunctions kemudian, lalu, selanjutnya, setelahnya (all are equivalent to English ‘then’). Make sure to use passive voice.

You may begin with an introductory sentence like this:

Di negara saya, beginilah cara membuat …. Pertama-tama…

• To introduce and practise the passive form of the verb with a di- prefix

As you have seen, Indonesian has intransitive and transitive verbs. You practised transitive verbs in the active voice in Module 5. Transitive verbs have a subject (the “doer” of the action) and an object (the “receiver” of the action). Transitive verbs occur in two main “voices”: the active voice and the passive voice. If a transitive verb occurs in a sentence in which the emphasis, or focus of attention, is on the subject or doer, the verb is said to be in the active voice and it usually has a meN- prefix attached to the front of it.

But if the focus of attention is on the object or receiver of the action (usually when the object comes first in a sentence or clause) the form of the verb changes. It is said to be in the passive voice. Indonesian has two kinds of passive which are often called Class I passives and Class II passives (other authors call them Passive Type I and Passive Type II). You use a Class I passive when you are talking about a third person or thing, i.e. not about “I/us” (the first person) or about “you” (the second person) but about “he/she/it” (the third person). A Class I passive is marked by the presence of a di- prefix on the verb. Here are some examples.

You will notice that in these sentences you are told who does the action (i.e. who the doer or the agent is). The doer is indicated, or introduced, with the word oleh (by). But very often you don’t know who or what did an action. All you know is that the action “was done”. You can see this in these sentences.

In cases where the third-person doer of an action has been previously mentioned or alluded to, and the emphasis is now on what the doer has done (or is doing, or is going to do), then that emphasis often demands a form of the verb with the di- ___ -nya combination of affixes. It is not usually necessary to put oleh in front of –nya (although olehnya does occur from time to time).

Mohon Perhatian!

In Module 5 you practised using transitive verbs in the active-voice with the meN– prefix. But when you listen carefully to authentic Indonesian you hear that passive-voice verbs (like di– verbs and di-___-nya verbs) seem to be more frequent than active-voice meN– verbs. In many cases you use a passive di– verb in Indonesian where you would probably use an active-voice verb in English. Take another look at each of the four sentences above and compare the English translation with the Indonesian above it, noting how it sounds more natural to use the active-voice in English, where the passive is more natural in Indonesian. In Indonesian, you can say, for example (echoing English usage),

• 
  Anna membawa sebuah buku, tetapi ia tidak membacanya.
  Anna brought a book, but she didn’t read it.

… but the sentence sounds a bit clumsy. It would be more idiomatic to say:

• 
  Anna membawa sebuah buku, tetapi tidak dibacanya.
  Anna brought a book, but she didn’t read it.

So it is very important to quickly get used to using passive-voice verbs a lot in Indonesian. Your Indonesian will sound much more authentic if you can manage to do this.

To complete this IndoLingo exercise, record your voice, then download it and name the file Exercise 81-01. Send it to your IndoLingo Instructor. If you are not subscribed to IndoLingo, you may do this exercise as a written homework assignment.

Task

Answer each of these questions with a complete sentence that echoes the di- verb in the question. (If you don’t happen to know the “real” answer to a question, make up an answer that seems plausible.) Study these examples first.

1. Novel Oliver Twist ditulis oleh siapa?
2. Like a Candle in the Wind dinyanyikan oleh siapa?
3. Film Star Wars dibuat oleh siapa?
4. Di mana kuliah bahasa Indonesia diberikan?
5. Tahun berapa Presiden Obama dipilih?
6. Di mana majalah Tempo dijual?
7. Hamburger dibuat dari apa?
8. Mengapa semua jendela dan pintu harus ditutup?
9. Perpustakaan ini dipakai oleh siapa?
10. Pakaian yang murah dapat dibeli di toko mana?