AB

«AnekaBaca» – an e-Learning Textbook for Intermediate Indonesian (CEF B1-B2)Pelajaran 06 — Hari-Hari Libur Nasional

Kegiatan 1 — Forum Diskusi

Parade untuk merayakan HUT (hari ulang tahun) ke-57 kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia. Kalipasir, Jakarta. © Sembiring 2002

Post answers to all questions as two separate submissions to the Discussion Forum. Reply to postings of your classmates as appropriate.

Setiap negara merayakan hari-hari libur nasional.

1. Di negara Anda, hari apa saja yang ditetapkan sebagai hari libur nasional, dan berapa jumlahnya?
2. Berdasarkan yang SUDAH Anda ketahui, hari-hari apa yang dirayakan di Indonesia? Hari raya manakah yang paling penting?

Kegiatan 2 — Catatan Budaya

Hari Raya Agama

Read the following before reading the text (Kegiatan Tiga).

Read more on the Hijrah calendar

The following religious holidays are national holidays, known as “tanggal merah“, in Indonesia:

Hari Raya Idul Fitri (Lebaran) – 1 Syawal

Buah Kurma (Shutterstock)

Read more on Idul Fitri

Idul Adha (Lebaran Haji) – 10 Dzulhijjah

Maulid – 12 Rabiul Awal

Isra Miraj – 27 Rajab

Imlek

Read more on Imlek.

Hari Waisak

Hari Raya Nyepi

Hari Raya Umat Kristen

Kegiatan 3 — Membaca

Latihan Interaktif untuk Kegiatan 3

Kegiatan 4 — Forum Diskusi

Post answers to all questions as one single submission.
Reply to postings of your classmates as appropriate (at least one).

*Tidak diatur oleh undang-undang. Cuti rata-rata per tahun adalah 12 hari

Kegiatan 5 — Tata Bahasa

Passive Type 1

This type of passive is formed using the prefix di- which is the passive equivalent to the active prefix meN-. In an active structure the actor is the subject of the sentence and hence usually placed in initial position:

Pemerintah menetapkan libur nasional.
The government sets (the dates for) the statutory holidays.

Pemerintah is the subject (doer) whereas libur nasional is the object (patient). The object is also known as the patient hence it undergoes the action.

Such a sentence can be reverted into passive voice by placing the patient in initial position where it now becomes the subject:

Libur nasional ditetapkan pemerintah.
(The dates for) the statutory holidays are set by the government.

The doer, which in a passive construction is called the agent, follows the passive verb and can take an optional oleh ‘by’: Libur nasional ditetapkan oleh pemerintah.

In English, passive sentences are far less common than in Indonesian. Whether to use active or passive voice in Indonesian is dependent on what the speaker is focusing on. If the focus is on the doer then he will use active voice. If the focus is on the patient, passive voice will be used.

Note that Passive Type 1 (the di- passive) can only be used with agents that are either nouns or third person pronouns (dia and mereka), or when no doer (actor) is expressed in the sentence.

If the actor is the third person singular pronoun, then dia changes to -nya:

Dia makan buah apel. => Buah Apel dimakannya.

If there is no actor, then the passive sentence does not have an active equivalent since active sentences must have an actor as the subject:

Libur Nasional ditetapkan.
Statutory holidays were set.

For more information refer to Sneddon’s grammar 3.26.

Latihan Interaktif untuk Kegiatan 5

Kegiatan 6 — Mendengarkan

Setyo Rukmi Anggorowati (Mamiek) dan Hesti Ratna Hapsari (Happy) diwawancarai Rohayati Paseng (Yati). Mbak Yati ingin mengethui bagaimana yang beragama Islam, dan Happy, yang beragama Kristen, merayakan Idul Fitri.

Kegiatan 7 — Kosa Kata

Kegiatan 8 — Teka-Teki Cari Kata

Usahakan untuk menyelesaikan teka-teki ini dalam waktu kurang dari 3:00 menit.

«AnekaBaca» – an e-Learning Textbook for Intermediate Indonesian (CEF B1-B2)Pelajaran 01 — Tips Kesehatan learn indonesian language

Kegiatan 1 — Forum Diskusi

Sambal (© Sembiring 2007)

Submit answers to all questions to the Discussion Forum. You also have to reply to (or comment on) at least one posting of your classmates.

IMPORTANT:
Do NOT read the text (Kegiatan 3) before you have completed the discussion forum exercise! Answer all three questions as one single discussion forum submission.

Kegiatan 2 — Pekerjaan Rumah

Kegiatan 3 — Membaca

Latihan Interaktif untuk Kegiatan 3

Kegiatan 4 — Tata Bahasa

Transitive verbs with meN-

The prefix meN- is normally used to form transitive verbs (although there is also a small number of intransitive meN- verbs!). Transitive verbs refer to actions which involve two participants, an actor, and a patient:

The capital N represents a sound which changes depending on the first sound of the base. N can appear as one of the nasals m, n, ny, ng, or as zero. Sometimes the nasal comes before the first sound of the base and sometimes it replaces the first sound. The rules apply not only to meN- but also to peN- and peN-…-an derivatives.

N becomes ng before a vowel:

N becomes m with initial b, p, f. Initial p is lost:

N becomes n with initiald, t, c, j, sy, z. Initial t is lost:

N becomes ny with initial s. Initial s is lost:

N becomes ng with initial g, k, h, kh. Initial k is lost:

N is lost before other initial sounds:

Sneddon, James Neil. 1996. Indonesian: a comprehensive grammar. New York, London: Routledge. ISBN: 0415155290 (North American edition)

Sneddon, James Neil. 1996. Indonesian: a reference grammar. London: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 9781864480290

Latihan Interaktif untuk Kegiatan 4

Kegiatan 5 — Tata Bahasa

The Imperative

Constructions in imperative mood are addressed to someone with the intention that something is done. They range from strong commands to requests, appeals, and suggestions. The imperative mood is discussed in detail in James Neil Sneddon’s Indonesian grammar, chapter 4.32-4.56.

Transative verbs with the prefix meN- drop the prefix in imperative mood:

In our text we have three imperatives: makan, hindari, and jauhkan. Makan is one of the few transitive verbs that do not take the prefix meN-, and hence there is no change in imperative mood. Hindari and jauhkan are formed by dropping the meN- prefix of menghindari and menjauhkan.

To soften the imperative, you can add the particle -lah:

Latihan Interaktif untuk Kegiatan 5

Kegiatan 6 — Tata Bahasa

Verbs Functioning as Adjectives

Linguists differentiate a number of word classes comprising nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions. Modern linguists often still use these word classes, that work perfectly in describing European languages, for non-European languages such as Indonesian. The student of Indonesian needs to be aware that these word classes only insufficiently describe the nature of the Indonesian language. In Indonesian, words easily cross word-class borders. A verb such as berbahaya can perfectly function as an adjective as in the sentence kanker merupakan penyakit yang berbahaya ‘cancer is a dangerous disease’ and can be modified just like any other adjective: lebih berbahaya, sangat berbayaha, paling berbahaya etc. Other ber- verbs that can function as adjectives are berhasil and berguna.
MeN- verbs can also function as adjectives:

Here merangsang functions as a verb. In the following sentence, however, merangsang functions as an adjective:

Another example of a verb that can also function as an adjective is menarik:

Other verbs that can function as adjectives include:

menyenangkan, please/ pleasing
mengecewakan, disappoint/ diasappointing
membosankan, bore/ boring
mengejutkan, startle/ startling
memuaskan, satisfy/ satisfying
meyakinkan, convince/ convincing
menakutkan, frighten/ frightening
mengagumkan, amaze, surprise/ amazing, astonishing
mencemaskan, worry about/alarming, critical
memalukan, embarrass/ embarrasing
menyedihkan, sadden/ saddening

Latihan Interaktif untuk Kegiatan 6

Kegiatan 7 — Catatan Budaya

Jam Gadang, Bukittinggi

As you have seen in the text, Indonesia uses, like almost all other countries in the world, the 24 hour clock. Ante and post meridiem (am/pm) are never indicated. 4:30pm is hence always written as 16.30 although in speech it is usually rendered as setengah lima or setengah lima sore if it is not clear from the context whether it is 4am or 4pm. 16.15 is jam empat lewat seperempat, 16.45 is jam lima kurang seperempat. In more official language reference to time is also often given as hour+minutes: jam empat lewat lima belas, and jam empat lewat empat puluh lima.

Indonesians are not consistent when it comes to the time separator. Many follow the international convention ISO 8601 and use a colon, but, following the European convention, a dot/period is more frequently used.

Since Indonesia has three time zones, you will frequently see this indicated: jam 16.00 WIB. WIB stands for Waktu Indonesia Barat, the time zone covering Sumatra, Kalimantan and Java.

Reference to a certain date is given according to the international convention as dd-mm-yyyy. 09-11-1997 is 9 November 1997. The year is pronounced as seribu sembilan ratus sembilan puluh tujuh. The year 1997 can also be pronounced in a shorter way: sembilan belas sembilan tujuh. Years after 1999 are never shortened: The year 2001 is tahun dua ribu satu, the year 2020 is tahun dua ribu dua puluh. The addition of tahun is very common, but optional. Date, month, and year are either separated by a dash or a slash.

Latihan Interaktif untuk Kegiatan 7

Kegiatan 8 — Mendengarkan

Nelly sakit perut. Happy memberi dia nasehat bagaimana cara menjaga kesehatan agar penyakit lambungnya tidak kambuh lagi. Berikut ini percakapan antara Happy dan Nelly.

Latihan Interaktif untuk Kegiatan 8

Kegiatan 9 — Pekerjaan Rumah

Tips biasanya ditulis dalam kalimat perintah (imperatif) yang hanya mulai dengan kata kerja (verba) tanpa memakai awalan (prefiks) meN-. Subyek dalam kalimat biasanya juga dihilangkan. Akhiran (sufiks) -lah dapat digunakan untuk memperhalus sebuah perintah.

Ubahlah kalimat-kalimat di bawah ini menjadi kalimat perintah.

CONTOH

1. Anda harus mencuci tangan sebelum makan. Cuci(lah) tangan sebelum makan!

1. Anda harus mencuci tangan Anda sebelum Anda makan.
2. Sebelum memasak, Anda harus mencuci sayur-sayuran lebih dahulu.
3. Kalau Anda mau mengambil makanan dari piring, Anda harus menggunakan sendok yang bersih.
4. Anda harus minum banyak air, minimal delapan gelas sehari.
5. Sebaiknya Anda menghindari minuman keras.

Setelah Anda mengubah kelima kalimat dalam bentuk imperatif, rekamlah kelima kalimat dengan menggunakan piranti berikut:

Kegiatan 10 — Kosa Kata

Kegiatan 11 — Teka-Teki Cari Kata

Usahakan untuk menyelesaikan teka-teki ini dalam waktu kurang dari 5:00 menit.

«AnekaBaca» – an e-Learning Textbook for Intermediate Indonesian (CEF B1-B2)

Kegiatan 1 — Forum Diskusi

Submit answers to all three questions as separate submissions. You also have to reply to at least three postings of your class mates to any of the three questions (in other words the total number of replies is three, not nine).

Kegiatan 2 — Membaca

Latihan Interaktif untuk Kegiatan 2

Kegiatan 3 — Forum Diskusi

Submit answers to the following questions in one single submission to the discussion forum. You also have to reply to at least three postings of your class mates.

Kegiatan 4 — Tata Bahasa

Passive Type 2

You are certainly all familiar with the passive voice that is formed by using the passive prefix di-, e.g. Hari ini saya ditawari posisi yang lebih tinggi. We call this Passive Type 1. In our text we have two occurences of the passive voice, but without the prefix -di. This passsive construction is called Passive Type 2.

1. Tapi kenapa kok saya merasa tidak sreg dengan kesempatan yang saya miliki?
2. Apa yang harus saya lakukan?

Before we address Passive Type 2, we will first show you why the passive voice in these two sentences is compulsory. The rule is quite simple. You will see that both sentences have a similar construction where a relative clause is used. The relative clause consists of:

1. the relative pronoun yang
2. an optional auxilary verb (in the second sentence, harus; in the first sentence, sudah could be added: …yang sudah saya miliki)
3. the personal pronoun saya, and
4. a passive verb, miliki, and lakukan.

A relative clause adds information to a noun or pronoun, which is called the head noun. The head nouns in our sentences are kesempatan and the interrogative pronoun apa.

The personal pronoun, saya, functions here as the agent (“the doer”). The rule that applies here is quite simple:

When there is an agent in a yang clause passive voice must be used.

This is a universal rule. Here are some examples where the yang clause is printed in red:

As you can see, only the first sentence uses Passive Type 2 whereas the other two sentences are constructed using Passive Type 1. Why is this so? The answer is quite simple. The agent in the first sentence is a first person pronoun (saya). The agent of the second sentence is a third person pronoun (-nya); and the agent of the third sentence is a noun. The rules that apply here are:

1. When the agent is a first or second person pronoun Passive Type 2 must be used.
2. When the agent is a third person pronoun Passive Type 1 is commonly used, but Passive Type 2 is also permitted: Semua uang yang dulu dia miliki sekarang sudah habis.
3. When the agent is a noun Passive Type 1 must be used.

The following table lists some of the most frequent pronouns in active as well as in passive voice:

This is a very simplified list. As you know we have a large number of personal pronouns that are not listed in the above table: aku, Anda, Saudara, Bapak, etc., some of which (Om, Tante, etc.) can function as both second and third person pronouns.

Latihan Interaktif untuk Kegiatan 4

Kegiatan 5 — Tata Bahasa

Latihan Interaktif untuk Kegiatan 5

The Particle “KAN”

Depending on whether kan precedes or follows the predicate, it has two slightly different meanings. Kan (derived from bukan) is used to form a tag question.
When it follows the predicate it means “[so-and-so] is the case, isn’t it?” Preceding the predicate (or subject and predicate) kan focuses on some form of knowledge or understanding shared by speaker and listener. One equivalent phrase in English might be “As I am sure you are aware”.

A. Following the predicate

In this case the speaker is checking if the listener agrees with the speaker’s opinion. Depending on the context it may be the case that the speaker either simply assumes the listener’s agreement with the statement and its implications, or that it is a genuine question because the speaker is not quite sure whether he is correct (for instance he may not be quite sure whether the listener is actually married or not).

B. Preceding the predicate

Preceding the predicate (or subject and predicate) kan focuses on some form of knowledge or understanding shared by speaker and listener. One equivalent phrase in English might be “As I am sure you are aware”.

In our example kan preceeds the predicate memiliki kesempatan…

Conclusion

In conclusion one can say that the particle kan functions as a “solidarity marker” where the speaker seeks agreement with the listener, similar to “you know”. It can have this simple function regardless of whether it preceeds or follows the predicate. However, only when kan follows the predicate it is also possible that the speaker actually seeks confirmation because he is in doubt.

For more on the function of kan: Wouk, Fay (1999) Gender and the use of pragmatic particles in Indonesian. Journal of Sociolinguistics 3 (2), 194-219.

Kegiatan 6 — Mendengarkan

Happy & Nelly

Berikut ini percakapan antara Happy dan Nelly yang direkam di bulan Juli 2006. Bila perlu, silakan baca transkripsinya.

Kegiatan 7 – Kosa Kata

Kegiatan 8 — Teka-Teki Cari Kata

Usahakan untuk menyelesaikan teka-teki ini dalam waktu kurang dari 3:00 menit.

«AnekaBaca» – an e-Learning Textbook for Intermediate Indonesian (CEF B1-B2)

Kegiatan 1 — Forum Diskusi

Foto: © Hindrawan 2006

Submit answers to all three questions. You also have to reply to at least two postings of your class mates (a total of two replies).

Kegiatan 2 — Membaca

Baca (Read)Dengarkan (Listen)Daftar Kata (Word List)

Apa Maunya?

Femina 23 (6-12 Juni 2002)

[1] Saya berkenalan dengan Agus lewat internet. Kami menjadi akrab, dan hubungan dilanjutkan lewat telepon. Boleh dibilang kami pacaran, walau saya anggap tidak serius karena kami tinggal di kota yang berbeda.

[2] Ketika saya ke Jakarta, kami bertemu. Setelah pertemuan itu dia mengatakan makin mencintai saya. Dia terus meyakinkan saya sampai saya benar-benar jatuh cinta.

[3] Sewaktu saya ke Jakarta lagi, saya mampir ke rumahnya, namun orang tuanya menunjukkan sikap tidak setuju.

[4] Agus mengatakan tidak dapat berbuat apa-apa dengan sikap orang tuanya karena masih bergantung kepada mereka. Lagi pula, dia anak lelaki satu-satunya, jadi harus menuruti keinginan orang tuanya.

[5] Setelah itu Agus tidak pernah menelepon saya lagi. Saya tidak mengerti apa maunya. Dia sudah saya bujuk untuk bicara tapi tetap tidak mau.

[6] Yang jadi masalah, sekarang saya tidak bisa melupakannya. Saya sudah mencari kegiatan sampai malam, tetapi bila sedang istirahat, saya jadi merasa gelisah. Saya sekarang sering sakit kepala, pada saat sendirian, saya ingin bunuh diri. Pekerjaan saya pun terganggu.

[7] Apa yang harus saya lakukan?

Desi-Medan

Daftar Kata

1	Please note that all vocabulary items printed in bold may appear in an exam! The letter denotes that this word is predominantly used in the formal register.
kenal, ber-an	~dengan, to meet, to get to know
akrab	intimate, close, friendly
lanjut, me-kan	to continue
pacar, -an	to go steady, to go out (on a date)
anggap, meng-	to think, believe, consider
2
ketika	when
temu, ber-	to meet
setelah	after (=sesudah)
temu, per-an	meeting
kata, meng-kan	to say something, to tell
makin	word indicating an increasing or decreasing degree, the more/the less
yakin, me-kan	to convince, persuade
3
lagi	again
mampir	to call at, drop in, come by.
tunjuk, men-kan	to point out, indicate
sikap	attitude
setuju	agree
4
buat, ber-	to do
apa-apa	anything. Cf. Sneddon 2.89.
gantung, ber-	to depend on
turut, men-i	to follow, to obey
ingin, ke-an	wish, desire
5
bujuk, mem-	to talk to s.o. persuasively, to coax
6
lupa, me-kan	to forget
istirahat	pause, break, recess
gelisah	restless, worry
saat	time
sendiri, -an	alone
bunuh diri	to commit suicide (typically used without the meN- prefix!)
ganggu, ter-	interfered with, disturbed,
7
laku, me-kan	to do

Latihan Interaktif untuk Kegiatan 2

Kegiatan 3 — Grammar Notes

Berkenalan

The circumfix ber-an expresses reciprocal actions. In our example above berkenalan expresses that they got to know each other. Ber-an verbs can take verbal bases (peluk, to hug) or bases that are nouns (musuh, enemy).

However, berkenalan is not necessary always a ber-…-an verb since it may also just simply be a ber- verb with kenalan (acquaintance) as its base. In that case berkenalan means ‘to become acquainted’. (cf. Sneddon 1.173

Reciprocal ber-…-an verbs are further addressed in Topic 12. If you want to learn more about reciprocal verbs please consult Sneddon 1.255-1.260

Bilang vs. Mengatakan

Bilang and mengatakan are synonyms. The difference is that bilang is colloquial Indonesian whereas mengatakan is standard Indonesian. Although bilang occasionally occurs in written Indonesian, it is often regarded as substandard.

In writing your homework assignments, try to avoid bilang and use mengatakan instead.

Instead of dia mengatakan you can also use katanya:

Latihan Interaktif untuk Kegiatan 3

Foto: U Kozok 2007

Kegiatan 4 — Menulis

Write a short passage (ca. 300-500 words) in formal Indonesian. Try to incorporate one or more of the following words or phrases: menurut saya, sebaiknya, seharusnya, saya sarankan agar, meskipun. Try to search the Internet for examples of advice columns and try to find one detailing a problem similar to Desi’s. Advice columns are called surat pembaca.

Kegiatan 5 — Kosa Kata

Kegiatan 6 — Teka-Teki Cari Kata

Usahakan untuk menyelesaikan teka-teki ini dalam waktu kurang dari 3:00 menit.

«AnekaBaca» – an e-Learning Textbook for Intermediate Indonesian (CEF B1-B2)

Kegiatan 1 — Forum Diskusi

Villa in Jakarta. August 2002. © U. Sembiring

You have to reply to at least two postings of your classmates.

Apabila Anda ingin mengontrak rumah, apa hal yang paling penting? Beri nomor satu sampai empat berdasarkan urutan kepentingan dari empat hal di bawah ini dan beri alasan Anda.

In the discussion forum, first copy and paste your answers from above (including reasons). Then comment on others’ postings expressing agreement (setuju) or disagreement (kurang setuju).

Kegiatan 2 — Mendengarkan

Dengarkan (Listen)Transkripsi (Transcription)Daftar Kata (Word List)

Stephen Menelpon – Foto: U Sembiring

Percakapan telepon antara Stephen dengan seorang pemilik rumah

S = Stephen
PR = pemilik rumah

PR	Halo.
S	Halo. Apa benar Ibu yang mengontrakkan rumah?
PR	Ya, betul. Ini dari mana?
S	Nama saya Stephen. Sebelumnya saya mau tanya dulu, Bu.
PR	Ya, silakan.
S	Ada empat kamar tidur, ya, di sana?
PR	Ya, betul.
S	Apa empat kamar itu sudah termasuk kamar pembantu?
PR	Ya, jadi ada tiga kamar tidur utama, dan yang satu, kamar tidur pembantu. Juga kamar mandinya: satu kamar mandi utama dan satu kamar mandi pembantu.
S	Lalu, apa rumahnya ada garasi dalam?
PR	Ya, ada.
S	Garasi dalamnya cukup untuk berapa mobil, ya, Bu?
PR	Hanya cukup untuk satu mobil. Kalau Mas Stephen punya dua mobil, yang satu harus ditaruh di luar.
S	O, begitu. Apa ada perabotnya?
PR	Tidak. Penyewa harus membawa sendiri perabotnya.
S	Oh, ya, ya. Berapa, ya, Bu, sewanya per tahun?
PR	Sewanya satu tahun dua puluh lima juta, tapi kalau mengontrak rumah di sini minimal dua tahun, jadi lima puluh juta.
S	Apa itu mencakup biaya air, listrik, dan telepon?
PR	Tidak. Fasilitas air, listrik, dan telepon lengkap di rumah itu, tapi rekeningnya dibayar sendiri oleh pengontrak selama masa kontrakan.
S	Apa harga sewa itu masih boleh kurang, Bu?
PR	Mas Stephen mau menyewa berapa tahun? Kalau lebih dari dua tahun, nanti bisa saya korting.
S	Sebenarnya saya hanya membutuhkan rumahnya selama setahun.
PR	Wah, tidak bisa, Mas.
S	Sayang sekali ya, Bu. Saya sedang ada pelatihan kerja selama sepuluh bulan, sesudah itu saya harus kembali ke Jayapura, jadi kalau bisa saya hanya ingin mengontrak rumah selama setahun saja mulai bulan depan ini.
PR	Bagaimana ya? Mulai bulan depan ini ya, Mas?
S	Ya, begitulah rencananya, Bu.
PR	Kalau Mas Stephen hanya perlu rumahnya selama satu tahun, Mas Stephen bisa mengoperkan kontrakannya kepada orang lain.
S	Lalu bagaimana pembayarannya? Apa saya bisa membayar setahun dulu?
PR	O, tidak bisa. Pembayarannya harus langsung dua tahun di depan.
S	Hm, bagaimana kalau saya lihat dulu saja rumahnya sebelum nanti saya putuskan?
PR	Kapan kira-kira Mas Stephen mau melihat rumahnya?
S	Bagaimana kalau nanti siang jam satu?
PR	Wah, maaf. Kebetulan nanti jam satu saya ada urusan. Bagaimana kalau sesudahnya, di atas jam empat?
S	Di atas jam empat… Baiklah. Kalau begitu saya datang jam setengah enam saja, langsung dari kantor. Di mana alamat lengkapnya, Bu?
PR	Alamat lengkapnya di Jalan Bandengan Selatan nomor 19.
S	Jalan Bandengan Selatan nomor 19, ya? Baiklah. Sampai ketemu jam setengah enam kalau begitu. Terima kasih, Bu.
PR	Ya, sama-sama.

Daftar Kata Rumah Kontrakan (Dialog)

Please note that all vocabulary items printed in bold may appear in an exam.

kontrak, meng-kan	to rent out (=menyewakan)
bantu, pem-	maid
utama	main
garasi	garage
taruh, men-	to put
séwa, peny-	tenant
séwa	rent
listrik	electricity
kontrak, meng-	to rent (=menyewa)
cakup, men-	include
biaya	cost
rékening	bill
kontrak, peng-	tenant (=penyewa)
masa	period of time
kontrak, -an	lease (=sewaan)
korting	give discount
butuh, mem-kan	need
latih, pe-an	training
oper, meng-[kan]	to transfer
bayar, pem-an	payment
putus, mem-kan	to decide
rencana	plan
betul, ke-an	conincidentally, as it happens to be
urus, -an	matter, business
temu, ke-	to meet (Coll.)

Important Note

• Please note that all vocabulary items printed in bold may appear in an exam!
• The letter denotes that this word is predominantly used in the formal register.
• All words are listed by word bases. The word perusahaan is listed under “usaha, per-an”. Words in passive voice are always listed in active voice.

Latihan Interaktif untuk Kegiatan 2

Kegiatan 3 — Membaca

Latihan Interaktif untuk Kegiatan 3

Kegiatan 4 — Mendengarkan

Foto: Uli Sembiring 2002

Happy mencari rumah kontrakan. Nelly membantu mencarinya.

Latihan Interaktif untuk Kegiatan 4

Kegiatan 5 — Tata Bahasa

Subordinate Conjunctions

Look at the following sentences:

We bought the house after it was inspected.
We bought the house because we needed a place to stay.
We bought the house even though it’s far from town.
We bought the house in order to have a place to stay.

The above sentences consist of two clauses. 1. the main clause “We bought the house”, and 2. a subordinate clause preceded by a subordinating conjunction (because, after, even though, in order to).

In Indonesian, the structure is very similar:

Kami membeli rumah itu setelah diinspeksi.
Kami membeli rumah itu karena membutuhkan tempat tinggal.
Kami membeli rumah itu walaupun jauh dari rumah.
Kami membeli rumah itu supaya ada tempat tinggal.

In the first sentence the subordinate conjunction is setelah (after). Setelah is a conjunction of time. Other conjunctions of time are before, since, until, once, when, etc.

Besides conjunctions of time, we also have conjunctions of reason (because), conjunctions of condition (if), and many other. Some of the most common subordinate clauses and their respective conjunctions are:

Clauses of Time

sebelum before
sesudah, setelah after
sehabis, after
sejak, since
sampai until
ketika, waktu, when

Clauses of Condition

kalau, jika, jikalau if, when
bila, apabila, bilamana when, whenever, if
asal, asalkan provided that
seandainya, andaikata, sekiranya supposing that, if

Clauses of Reason

karena, oleh karena because
sebab, oleh sebab because
gara-gara just because
kalau-kalau lest

Clauses of Purpose

supaya, agar so, so that
untuk, guna to, in order to

Clauses of Extent

sehingga, sampai, hingga until, to the extent that, so that
untuk, guna to, in order to

Clauses of Concession

meski, meskipun, walau, walaupun, sekalipun, kendati, kendatipun, biarpun, sungguhpun although

In English, a subject is required in both the main and the subordinate clause:

He wants to eat because he is hungry.

If the subordinate clause reveals something about the object of the main clause, we still require a subject, or its pronoun, in the subordinate clause:

We bought the house even though the house/it is far from town.

In Indonesian, the subordinate clause usually does not require a subject:

For further information consult Sneddon, 4.69-76.

Latihan Interaktif untuk Kegiatan 5

Kegiatan 6 – Forum Diskusi

Answer the following three questions in one single submission to the dicussion forum. Reply to at least two postings of your classmates.

Kegiatan 7 — Pekerjaan Rumah 1

Kegiatan 8 — Pekerjaan Rumah 2

Look first at the following example:

In finishing the sentence you may want to write:

Now complete the following sentences likewise. Pay particular attention to the last two sentences: supaya is followed by a clause of purpose whereas sehingga is followed by a clause of extent. If you are not sure about the differences, consult a grammar first.

1. Stephen terpaksa meletakkan mobilnya yang satu lagi di garasi luar karena…
2. Pemilik rumah tidak menyediakan perabot rumah maka…
3. Pemilik rumah akan memberi harga sewa yang lebih murah kalau…
4. Stephen boleh mengontrak rumah tersebut selama satu tahun asalkan…
5. Walaupun Stephen hanya ada pelatihan kerja selama sepuluh bulan, dia harus…
6. Pembayaran sewa rumah sebaiknya dilakukan bulan depan ketika…
7. Stephen bisa memutuskan jadi atau tidak jadi mengontrak rumah tersebut setelah…
8. …sebelum jam empat.
9. Stephen menelpon pemilik rumah supaya…
10. Stephen menyewa rumah itu supaya…
11. Stephen menyewa rumah itu sehingga…

Kegiatan 9 — Kosa Kata

Kegiatan 10 — Teka-Teki Cari Kata

Usahakan untuk menyelesaikan teka-teki ini dalam waktu kurang dari 3:00 menit.

Download Volume 1 (Lessons 1–15) of the textbook.